Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. 2009). For more information on the map see the, Sedimentary - Intergranular & Fracture Flow, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Cameroon, irrigation water use and requirement statistics, Groundwater in North and West Africa: Cameroon, Download a GIS shapefile of the Cameroon geology and hydrogeology map, Water Resources Management and Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in Cameroon, Groundwater quality in Cameroon and its vulnerability to pollution, Climate, Hydrology and Water Resources in Cameroon, Water supply, sanitation and health risks in Douala 5 municipality, Cameroon, Groundwater Need Assessment - Lake Chad Basin, Effect of diffuse recharge and wastewater on groundwater contamination in Douala, Cameroon, Constructing a 3D geological model from geophysical data for groundwater modelling and management in the Kribi-Campo sedimentary sub-basin, Cameroon, http://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Hydrogeology_of_Cameroon&oldid=57918. Boreholes. Tsavo. The water is usually of magnesium-carbonate type (Mafany and Fantong 2006). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. The distance between 215 lion kills and the nearest water source was analyzed using generalized linear models. The Ministry of Water Resources and Energy / Ministere De Leau Et De Lenergie (MINEE) has responsibility for water supply and sanitation in both rural areas and towns through the Directorate of Directorate of Water (DE: Direction de lEau). Kenya's Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) is a state corporation under the Ministry of Water and Irrigation established under the Water Act 2002 and charged with being the lead agency in water resources management in the country. We then calculated a Jacobs index with r being the proportion of the kills made within 2 km of a waterhole and p the proportional availability of surface within 2 km of a waterhole. For males, buffalo was followed by the class medium Bovidae (11%) - class dominated by sable and wildebeest for kill data -, elephant (9%) and zebra (8%), together accounting for 84% of the prey detected (Table 1). The river supports more than 700 species of fish, a number of which are endemic, within its various eco-regions. Nasilele mubita says her family was always complaining of diarrhoea as they shared a water source. Prey species proportional biomass contributing to lion diet, as detected from kills, faecal samples and observed hunts. Please note that the areas of the layout diagrams are different for the engines types, see Fig. What are the major rivers in Cameroon? Aggregation of herbivores at waterholes in the late dry season and wet season dispersion of herbivore herds, and particularly of buffalo herds, were expected to lead to pronounced seasonal foraging patterns for lions. Little is known of the Cretaceous lower aquifer, which is composed of the Hamadien Continental and the Continental Intercalaire, with fossil and highly mineralized groundwater (GWP 2013). Four different kinds of cryptocurrencies you should know. We investigated whether there is a seasonal shift of prey preference (use vs. availability) suggestive of different foraging strategies in different seasons. When more than one prey species is available, predators are able to shift prey selection depending on relative prey availability [21]. Following established methods, hair cross-sections and scale pattern imprints were prepared for microscopic analysis using a Watson Microsystem 70 microscope [28], [29]. Cameroons location on the atlantic coast in central africa between latitude 2 and 13north, has a huge and diversified water resources potential. Groundwater from volcanic aquifers is widely used by the bottled water industry. Additionally, dry season scarcity of good quality forage, exacerbated by local depletion around water sources, tends to make certain herbivores more vulnerable to predation, particularly during low rainfall periods [16][19]. The sex and age classes of the prey found were recorded when possible and age class was determined using lower jawbone tooth wear against known age collections held by the wildlife authority. The main rivers in the south of the country are the Ntem, Nyong, Sanaga, and Wouri, which flow southwestward or westward into the Gulf of Guinea. In African semi-arid savannas, surface-water is a heterogeneously distributed, limiting resource which becomes scarcer as the dry season progresses. Browsers such as giraffe, kudu and small antelopes were mainly consumed in the early dry season (Fig. Of the 322 billion cubic meters of total available water resources, groundwater constitutes 21% (57 billion cubic meters) of this resource (Ako Ako et al. Copper isn't Zambia's only rich natural resource. Values >0 indicate preference, values <0 suggest use but avoidance. We expected lion kill locations to be influenced by the trend in prey aggregation at artificial waterholes, resulting in seasonal variation in kill distribution; closer to waterholes in dry periods and further away in wet periods. A complex of granites, micaschists and migmatites. The whole country suffered from droughts in 1981-87, 1991-1999, 2001-2005 . Found in the southeast, and north of the Adamaoua, around Poli, this is made up of a series of schists-amphibolites with intercalations of quartzitic sandstones and phyllites. Responsibility for the construction and management of rural wells and boreholes has been transferred to communes (AMCOW 2011). Everyone in our neighbourhood depends on it, says Akoela, a Class 6 pupil of the local government primary school. This brochure contains only modifications / changes, undertaken on the longitudinal In terms of quantity, it is the second potential in. This is consistent with findings from Kruger National Park where GPS data from male and female lions suggest that males were only present with females at 10% of their kills [4]. A lower series of clays and sandstones in the southeast, and an upper series of sandstones in the west of the basin. Accessed [date you accessed the information]. Cameroon lies in central-west Africa, with the Gulf of Guinea forming its western coast. This aquifer is not vulnerable to saline intrusion (Mafany and Fantong 2006). Seasonal prey availability estimates for Hwange used in this analysis were taken from published road transect data for Sinamatella, Main Camp and Ngamo areas, which cover our study area [36]. Water Resources Management and Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in Cameroon. Tsavo Parks and Chyulu Hills Complex - Unesco. Per Capita in 2000 : 19 192 m 3 /year. Cameroon: Sahara Desert A Threat to Livelihood and Bio-Diversity. Juveniles also represented an important proportion of the giraffe killed by lions (Fig. Chambers One, 27 Willie van The largest is Lake Chad, of which 800 km2 (Little Chad phase) to 1 800 km2 (Normal Chad phase) are Cameroon territory, or 840% of the lake area, depending on the floods (Welcomme, 1979). Contrary to our predictions, areas close to waterholes were highly selected for kills regardless of seasonal conditions. For kill data, we reported the relative contribution of each prey age class per season. WWF worked together with the communities to rehabilitate six stand taps in six communities, explains Njounan. The middle Continental Terminal, of Tertiary to Quaternary age, comprises alternating sandstone and clay layers, which are 450 to 620 m from the surface (GWP 2013). Bibliographic reference: Upton K, Dochartaigh B and Bellwood-Howard I. Occasionally, falling water tables in the dry season cause a reversal of the hydraulic gradient and seawater intrusion. Cameroons national parks are vast and the dedicated wildlife authorities and staff on the ground oftentimes lack adequate financial support and resources to carry out effective management. Dashed and dotted lines indicate mean proportions in the amalgamated kills for males and females respectively. All necessary permits were obtained for the described field study from the appropriate agency (Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, 23(1) (c) (ii) 01/20052007). https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Cameroon. Water sources are also considered crucial in lion habitat selection in the Serengeti [47] and thought to act as passive traps for ungulates in the Kruger ecosystem [5], [48]. Some urban centres widely use groundwater, including Douala. Miniature waterfalls sprung up overnight cascading down rocky outcrops and bursting over gullies, only to disappear again at the first sign of sunshine. Artesian pressure is being reduced, possibly due to over pumping. We recognise that there may have been a small number of instances where lions scavenged other predators kills, however, we assume this to be negligible based on our kill site classification methodology. Water dependence varies between herbivore species [11], [13] but most species need to access drinking water on a few-day basis at the peak of the dry season, and herbivore aggregations frequently form around permanent water sources during dry seasons, as non-permanent sources further afield dry up [14], [15]. Etosha Surface water. Lion prey species found in faecal samples classified in 10 groups and their respective proportions relative to frequency of occurrence. Chari has a length of 590 miles, part of which forms international border between Chad and Cameroon. The Project was supported by the Eppley Foundation, Panthera Foundation and the kind generosity of Rivington and Joan Winant, Adrian Gardiner and the Lilian Jean Kaplan Foundation. For female lions, kudu and to a lesser extent the group medium Bovidae are the most important secondary prey. Cameroons location on the atlantic coast in central africa between latitude 2 and 13north, has a huge and diversified water resources potential. Trees, grasses and bushes were heavy with raindrops and the bushveld was resonant with the noise of water dripping, flowing and surging. 2018. 3B and C). Even though it is difficult to know from which individual a faecal sample comes from, and male and female lions are sometimes found together at a kill, samples were mainly collected at female kills and hence the faecal approach can be considered as more representative of female lion diet. The pools go by a variety of names: prairie potholes, whale wallows, hog wallows, sinks, and kettles. Cameroon What Are The Specific Water Sources The Lions Exploit? _____ _____ abiotic factor environmental conditions biotic factor. We then converted the frequency of occurrence into biomass estimates using the average adult male and female mass (from [1], [34]). 1. Dr Kirsty Upton and Brighid Dochartaigh, British Geological Survey, UK, Dr Imogen Bellwood-Howard, Institute of Development Studies, UK. Marion Valeix, Small sedimentary basins - including Hama Kossou, Babouri-Figuil, Sorawel, Mayo Oulo and Mamf - Cretaceous. Buffalo consistently emerged as the most frequently utilised prey in all seasons by both male (56%) and female (33%) lions, contributing the most to lion dietary biomass. We were horrified seeing first hand the daily struggle for survival these precious women faced and our hearts went out to them. We're sorry. In total, agriculture contributes around 40% of GDP. Conservation of the trees around this water source has helped to keep it flowing. Prey shift might be a response to larger variations in local prey abundance, perhaps over longer periods as shown for the Kruger National Park [21], or in ecosystems where more significant variation occurs in prey abundance over shorter time scales as shown for the Serengeti [41]. 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